Co-creation of digital public services through open-source and hybrid platforms: a systematic review

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Public management faces increasingly complex issues requiring collaborative innovation. Within the new public governance paradigm, co-creation involves multiple stakeholders combining resources and expertise. Open-source/hybrid platforms, with greater transparency and inclusivity than general digital platforms – offer promising tools for digital collaboration. However, their use and impact in digital public service co-creation remains limited. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this systematic literature review examines how digital public services are co-created through open-source-based/hybrid platforms. This review synthesises existing cases to identify platform characteristics, public value outcomes, stakeholder participation, and broader societal effects. From the initial screening of 1857 publications, 17 were included. The analysis reveals that these platforms foster collaboration, transparency, and inclusive innovation, with evidence of public value creation and positive social outcomes. Challenges persist, including digital literacy, technological readiness, organisational inertia, and sustainable engagement. Future research should examine these barriers, governance models, stakeholders’ motivations, and emerging dimensions such as using artificial intelligence in co-creation ecosystems.